Shadlen, Kenneth C.; Guennif, Samira; Guzmán, Alenka; Lalitha, N. --- "Globalization, Intellectual Property Rights, and Pharmaceuticals: Meeting the Challenges to Addressing Health Gaps in the New International Environment" [2011] ELECD 953; in Shadlen, C. Kenneth; Guennif, Samira; Guzmán , Alenka; Lalitha, N. (eds), "Intellectual Property, Pharmaceuticals and Public Health" (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011)

Book Title: Intellectual Property, Pharmaceuticals and Public Health

Editor(s): Shadlen, C. Kenneth; Guennif, Samira; Guzmán , Alenka; Lalitha, N.

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

ISBN (hard cover): 9781849800143

Section: Chapter 1

Section Title: Globalization, Intellectual Property Rights, and Pharmaceuticals: Meeting the Challenges to Addressing Health Gaps in the New International Environment

Author(s): Shadlen, Kenneth C.; Guennif, Samira; Guzmán, Alenka; Lalitha, N.

Number of pages: 28

Extract:

1. Globalization, intellectual property
rights, and pharmaceuticals:
meeting the challenges to addressing
health gaps in the new international
environment
Kenneth C. Shadlen, Samira Guennif,
Alenka Guzmán and N. Lalitha

In this volume we examine national strategies for pharmaceutical devel-
opment and the protection of public health in the context of two funda-
mental changes that the global political economy has undergone since
the 1970s, the globalization of trade and production and the increased
harmonization of national regulations on intellectual property rights
(IPRs). The substantial increases in international trade and direct foreign
investment (DFI) that the global economy has experienced since the 1970s
are well-known phenomena. Along with these changes, globalization has
entailed the emergence and growth of knowledge- and information-based
industrial activities based on technological innovation. Competitiveness
and growth in the new global economy, it is widely recognized, are driven
by technological innovation and thus dependent on societies' capabilities
for generating, absorbing, and using knowledge (Lundvall 1992; Nelson
1993; Nelson 2008; Malerba and Manil 2009).
The broad changes in the global economy are mirrored in the pharma-
ceutical industry, which is the principal subject of this book. Pharmaceutical
exports have increased dramatically since the 1980s, as has foreign invest-
ment in the sector; supply chains are increasingly global and the sector's
leading firms have enlarged their presence in production and distribution
in many developing countries. Changes in trade and the location of pro-
duction have also been accompanied by changes in technology and indus-
trial organization. ...