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This is a Bill, not an Act. For current law, see the Acts databases.
HUMAN CLONING (PROHIBITION) BILL 2004
2004
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
FOR THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL
TERRITORY
(As presented)
(Minister for Health)
Human
Cloning (Prohibition) Bill 2004
Contents
Page
2004
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
FOR THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL
TERRITORY
(As presented)
(Minister for Health)
Human Cloning
(Prohibition) Bill 2004
A Bill for
An Act to prohibit human cloning and other unacceptable practices
associated with reproductive technology
The Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory enacts as
follows:
This Act is the Human Cloning (Prohibition) Act 2004.
This Act commences on the day after its notification day.
Note The naming and commencement provisions automatically commence
on the notification day (see Legislation Act, s 75 (1)).
The dictionary at the end of this Act is part of this Act.
Note 1 The dictionary at the end of this Act defines certain terms
used in this Act, and includes references (signpost definitions)
to other terms defined elsewhere in this Act.
For example, the signpost definition
‘human embryo—see
section 7.’ means that the term ‘human embryo’ is defined that
section.
Note 2 A definition in the dictionary (including a signpost
definition) applies to the entire Act unless the definition, or another
provision of the Act, provides otherwise or the contrary intention otherwise
appears (see Legislation Act, s 155 and s 156 (1)).
A note included in this Act is explanatory and is not part of this
Act.
Note See Legislation Act, s 127 (1), (4) and (5) for the legal
status of notes.
5 Offences
against Act—application of Criminal Code etc
Other legislation applies in relation to offences against this Act.
Note 1 Criminal Code
The Criminal Code, ch 2 applies to all offences against this Act (see Code,
pt 2.1).
The chapter sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility
(including burdens of proof and general defences), and defines terms used for
offences to which the Code applies (eg conduct,
intention, recklessness and strict
liability).
Note 2 Penalty units
The Legislation Act, s 133 deals with the meaning of offence penalties that
are expressed in penalty units.
The object of this Act is to address concerns, including ethical concerns,
about scientific developments in relation to human reproduction and the
utilisation of human embryos by prohibiting certain practices.
7 Meaning
of human embryo
(1) In this Act:
human embryo means a live embryo that has a human genome or
an altered human genome and that has been developing for less than 8 weeks
since the appearance of 2 pro-nuclei or the initiation of its development by
other means.
(2) In working out the length of the period of development of a human
embryo, any period when the development of the embryo is suspended is to be
disregarded.
8 Meaning
of human embryo clone
(1) In this Act:
human embryo clone means a human embryo that is a genetic
copy of another living or dead human, but does not include a human embryo
created by the fertilisation of a human egg by human sperm.
(2) To establish that a human embryo clone is a genetic copy of a living
or dead human—
(a) it is sufficient to establish that the set of genes in the nuclei of
the cells of the living or dead human has been copied; and
(b) it is not necessary to establish that the copy is an identical genetic
copy.
(3) A human embryo that results from the technological process known as
embryo splitting is taken not to be created by a process of fertilisation of a
human egg by human sperm.
Part
2 Prohibited
practices
Division
2.1 Human cloning
9 Offence—creating
human embryo clone
A person commits an offence if the person intentionally creates a human
embryo clone.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 15 years.
10 Offence—placing
human embryo clone in body of human or animal
A person commits an offence if the person intentionally places a human
embryo clone in the body of a human or the body of an animal
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 15 years.
11 Offence—importing
or exporting human embryo clone
(1) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally imports a
human embryo clone into the ACT.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 15 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally exports a
human embryo clone from the ACT.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 15 years.
12 No
defence that human embryo clone could not survive
It is not a defence to an offence against section 9, section 10 or section
11 that the human embryo clone did not survive or could not have
survived.
Division
2.2 Other prohibited
practices
13 Offence—creating
human embryo otherwise than by fertilisation etc
A person commits an offence if the person intentionally creates a human
embryo by a process other than the fertilisation of a human egg by human sperm,
or intentionally develops a human embryo so created.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
14 Offence—creating
human embryo for purpose other than achieving pregnancy
(1) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally creates a
human embryo outside the body of a woman, unless the person’s intention in
creating the embryo is to attempt to achieve pregnancy in a particular
woman.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(2) Despite the Criminal Code, section 58 (3), a defendant does not
bear an evidential burden in relation to anything mentioned in
subsection (1).
15 Offence—creating
etc human embryo containing genetic material from more than 2
people
A person commits an offence if the person intentionally creates or develops
a human embryo containing genetic material provided by more than 2
people.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
16 Offence—developing
human embryo outside body of woman for longer than 14 days
A person commits an offence if the person intentionally develops a human
embryo outside the body of a woman for a period of longer than 14 days,
excluding any period when development is suspended.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
17 Offence—using
precursor cells to create human embryo etc
A person commits an offence if the person uses precursor cells taken from a
human embryo or a human foetus, intending to create a human embryo, or
intentionally develops an embryo so created.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
18 Offence—heritable
alterations to genome
(1) A person commits an offence if—
(a) the person alters the genome of a human cell in such a way that the
alteration is heritable by descendants of the human whose cell was altered;
and
(b) in altering the genome, the person intended the alteration to be
heritable by descendants of the human whose cell was altered.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(2) In this section:
human cell includes a human embryonal cell, a human foetal
cell, human sperm and a human egg.
19 Offence—collecting
viable human embryo from woman’s body
A person commits an offence if the person removes a human embryo from the
body of a woman, intending to collect a viable human embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
20 Offence—creating
chimeric or hybrid embryo
(1) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally creates a
chimeric embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally creates a
hybrid embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
21 Offence—placing
of embryo
(1) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally places a human
embryo in an animal.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally places a human
embryo in the body of a human, other than in a woman’s reproductive
tract.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(3) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally places an
animal embryo in the body of a human for any period of gestation.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
22 Offence—importing,
exporting or placing prohibited embryo
(1) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally imports an
embryo into the ACT knowing that, or reckless about whether, the embryo is a
prohibited embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally exports an
embryo from the ACT knowing that, or reckless about whether, the embryo is a
prohibited embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(3) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally places an
embryo in the body of a woman knowing that, or reckless about whether, the
embryo is a prohibited embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(4) In this section:
human cell includes a human embryonal cell, a human foetal
cell, human sperm and a human egg.
prohibited embryo means—
(a) a human embryo created by a process other than the fertilisation of a
human egg by human sperm; or
(b) a human embryo created outside the body of a woman, unless the
intention of the person who created the embryo was to attempt to achieve
pregnancy in a particular woman; or
(c) a human embryo containing genetic material provided by more than 2
people; or
(d) a human embryo that has been developing outside the body of a woman
for a period of longer than 14 days, disregarding any period when development is
suspended; or
(e) a human embryo created using precursor cells taken from a human embryo
or foetus; or
(f) a human embryo containing a human cell whose genome has been altered
in such a way that the alteration is heritable by human descendants of the human
whose cell was altered; or
(g) a human embryo that was removed from the body of a woman by a person
intending to collect a viable human embryo; or
(h) a chimeric embryo or a hybrid embryo.
23 Offence—commercial
trading in human eggs etc
(1) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally gives or
offers valuable consideration to someone else for the supply of a human egg,
human sperm or a human embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if the person intentionally receives, or
offers to receive, valuable consideration from someone else for the supply of a
human egg, human sperm or a human embryo.
Maximum penalty: imprisonment for 10 years.
(3) In this section:
reasonable expenses—
(a) in relation to the supply of a human egg or human
sperm—includes, for example, expenses relating to the collection, storage
or transport of the egg or sperm; and
(b) in relation to the supply of a human embryo—
(i) includes, for example, expenses relating to the storage or transport
of the embryo; but
(ii) does not include any expenses incurred by a person before the embryo
became an excess ART embryo.
Note An example is part of the Act, is not exhaustive and may
extend, but does not limit, the meaning of the provision in which it appears
(see Legislation Act, s 126 and s 132).
valuable consideration, in relation to the supply of a human
egg, human sperm or a human embryo by a person, includes any inducement,
discount or priority in the provision of a service to the person, but does not
include the payment of reasonable expenses incurred by the person in connection
with the supply.
24 Review of operation of Act
(1) The Minister must review the operation of this Act as soon as
practicable after the 2nd anniversary of the day the Act commences.
(2) The review must consider and report on the scope and operation of this
Act taking into account the following:
(a) developments in technology in relation to assisted reproductive
technology;
(b) developments in medical research and scientific research and the
potential therapeutic applications of such research;
(c) community standards;
(d) the applicability of establishing a national stem cell bank.
(3) The review may be undertaken as part of the review mentioned in the
Prohibition of Human Cloning Act 2002 (Cwlth), section 25.
25 Regulation-making
power
The Executive may make regulations for this Act.
Note Regulations must be notified, and presented to the Legislative
Assembly, under the Legislation Act.
(see s 3)
Note 1 The Legislation Act contains definitions and other provisions
relevant to this Act.
Note 2 For example, the Legislation Act, dict, pt 1, defines the
following terms:
• Executive
• under.
animal does not include a human.
chimeric embryo means—
(a) a human embryo into which a cell, or any component part of a cell, of
an animal has been introduced; or
(b) anything declared under the regulations to be a chimeric
embryo.
excess ART embryo—see the Human Embryo (Research)
Act 2004, section 9.
human embryo—see section 7.
human embryo clone—see section 8.
human sperm includes human spermatids.
hybrid embryo means—
(a) an embryo created by the fertilisation of a human egg by animal sperm;
or
(b) an embryo created by the fertilisation of an animal egg by human
sperm; or
(c) a human egg into which the nucleus of an animal cell has been
introduced; or
(d) an animal egg into which the nucleus of a human cell has been
introduced; or
(e) a thing declared under the regulations to be a hybrid
embryo.
precursor cell means a cell that has the potential to develop
into a human egg or human sperm.
woman means a female human.
Endnotes
1 Presentation speech
Presentation speech made in the Legislative Assembly on 2004.
2 Notification
Notified under the Legislation Act on 2004.
3 Republications of amended laws
For the latest republication of amended laws, see
www.legislation.act.gov.au.
© Australian Capital Territory
2004
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