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Data Access Corporation v Powerflex Services Pty Ltd     86

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
Hytera Communications Corporation Ltd v Motorola Solutions Inc	[2024] FCAFC 168	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	18 Dec 2024	AustLII
Hampden Holdings IP Pty Ltd v Aldi Foods Pty Ltd	[2024] FCA 1452	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	17 Dec 2024	AustLII
Motorola Solutions, Inc v Hytera Communications Corporation Ltd (Liability)	[2022] FCA 1585	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	23 Dec 2022	AustLII		6
Landmark Building Services Qld Pty Ltd v D & M Carakitsos	[2022] VCC 41	County Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	31 Jan 2022	AustLII		1
Campaigntrack Pty Ltd v Real Estate Tool Box Pty Ltd	[2021] FCA 809; (2021) 160 IPR 362	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	19 Jul 2021	AustLII		7
Universal Music Publishing Pty Ltd v Palmer (No 2)	[2021] FCA 434; (2021) 158 IPR 421	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Apr 2021	AustLII		11
Singh v Lynch	[2020] NSWCA 152; (2020) 103 NSWLR 568	Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Appeal	Australia - New South Wales	23 Jul 2020	AustLII		21
Commissioner of Patents v Rokt Pte Ltd	[2020] FCAFC 86; (2020) 277 FCR 267; 379 ALR 86; (2020) 152 IPR 1	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 May 2020	AustLII		77
Repipe Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Patents	[2019] FCA 1956; 148 IPR 164	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Nov 2019	AustLII		20
Motorola Solutions, Inc v Hytera Communications Corporation Ltd (Discovery)	[2019] FCA 1887	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	7 Nov 2019	AustLII
University of Sydney v ObjectiVision Pty Ltd	[2019] FCA 1625; (2019) 148 IPR 1	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	2 Oct 2019	AustLII		8
Douglas v Racing Victoria Ltd	[2019] FCCA 49	Federal Circuit Court of Australia	Australia	24 Jan 2019	AustLII		2
Lumen Australia Pty Ltd v Frontline Australasia Pty Ltd	[2018] FCA 1807; (2018) 137 IPR 189	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Nov 2018	AustLII		2
"Table of Cases"	[2017] ELECD 4	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2017	AustLII
JR Consulting & Drafting Pty Ltd v Cummings	[2016] FCAFC 20; (2016) 329 ALR 625; 116 IPR 440	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	3 Mar 2016	AustLII		69
Facton Ltd v Xu	[2015] FCA 66	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	11 Feb 2015	AustLII
Karum Group LLC v Fisher & Paykel Financial Services Ltd	[2014] NZCA 389; [2014] 3 NZLR 421	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	New Zealand	13 Aug 2014	NZLII		9
Seafolly Pty Ltd v Fewstone Pty Ltd	[2014] FCA 321; (2014) 313 ALR 41; (2014) 106 IPR 85; [2014] AIPC 92-470	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	1 Apr 2014	AustLII		21
Tamawood Ltd v Habitare Developments Pty Ltd (Administrators Appointed) (Receivers and Managers Appointed) (No 3)	[2013] FCA 410; (2013) 101 IPR 225	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	7 May 2013	AustLII		8
Maminyamanja v Warden	[2012] NTSC 101	Supreme Court of the Northern Territory	Australia - Northern Territory	18 Dec 2012	AustLII
Ca Inc v Isi Pty Ltd	[2012] FCA 35; (2012) 201 FCR 23; (2012) 95 IPR 424	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	3 Feb 2012	AustLII		9
"Table of Cases"	[2012] ELECD 71	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2012	AustLII
Wang v Anying Group Pty Ltd	[2011] FCA 1196	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 Oct 2011	AustLII		4
Barrett Property Group Pty Ltd v Dennis Family Homes Pty Ltd	[2011] FCA 246; (2011) 279 ALR 12; (2011) 91 IPR 1	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	18 Mar 2011	AustLII		5
Entirity Business Services Pty Ltd v Garsoft Pty Ltd	[2011] FCA 76	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	10 Feb 2011	AustLII		2
Solitaire Homes Pty Ltd v Urban Ventures Pty Ltd	[2010] FMCA 185	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	23 Mar 2010	AustLII		1
Telstra Corporation Ltd v Phone Directories Co Pty Ltd	[2010] FCA 44; (2010) 264 ALR 617; (2010) 85 IPR 571; [2010] AIPC 92-372	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	8 Feb 2010	AustLII		27
CA Inc v Independent Systems Integrators Pty Ltd (No 2)	[2009] FCA 900	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	18 Aug 2009	AustLII		3
Rutter v Brookland Valley Estate Pty Ltd	[2009] FCA 702; (2009) 81 IPR 549	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Jun 2009	AustLII		7
IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd	[2009] HCA 14; (2009) 239 CLR 458; 254 ALR 386; 83 ALJR 585; [2009] AIPC 92-335; (2009) 80 IPR 451	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Apr 2009	AustLII		145
Elwood Clothing Pty Ltd v Cotton On Clothing Pty Ltd	[2008] FCAFC 197; (2008) 172 FCR 580; (2008) 80 IPR 566; [2009] AIPC 92-322	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	23 Dec 2008	AustLII		23
IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd	[2008] HCATrans 358	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	17 Oct 2008	AustLII		1
StatusCard Australia Pty Ltd v Rotondo	[2008] QSC 181; [2009] 1 Qd R 559; (2008) 219 FLR 206; (2008) 78 IPR 625; [2008] AIPC 92-302	Supreme Court of Queensland	Australia - Queensland	19 Aug 2008	AustLII		3
Centrestage Management Pty Ltd v Riedle	[2008] FCA 938; (2008) 170 FCR 298; (2008) 77 IPR 550	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	20 Jun 2008	AustLII		2
Dais Studio Pty Ltd v Bullet Creative Pty Ltd	[2007] FCA 2054; (2007) 165 FCR 92; 74 IPR 512; [2008] AIPC 92-270	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	20 Dec 2007	AustLII		17
Barrett Property Group Pty Ltd v Metricon Homes Pty Ltd	[2007] FCA 1509; (2007) 74 IPR 52	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	28 Sep 2007	AustLII		18
Generate Group Pty Ltd v Sea-Tech Automation Pty Ltd Digest	[2007] NSWSC 226; (2007) 71 IPR 640	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	15 Mar 2007	AustLII
Gold Peg International Pty Ltd v Kovan Engineering (Australia) Pty Ltd	[2005] FCA 1521; (2005) 225 ALR 57; 67 IPR 497; [2006] ALMD 7638	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	28 Oct 2005	AustLII		24
Stevens v Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment	[2005] HCA 58; (2005) 224 CLR 193; (2005) 221 ALR 448; (2005) 79 ALJR 1850; 65 IPR 513; [2005] AIPC 92-140	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	6 Oct 2005	AustLII		196
Temwell Pty Ltd v DKGR Holdings Pty Ltd	[2005] FCA 1403	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	4 Oct 2005	AustLII
Telephonic Communicators International Pty Ltd v Motor Solutions Australia Pty Ltd	[2004] FCA 942; (2004) 62 IPR 323	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 Jul 2004	AustLII		3
Tamawood Ltd v Henley Arch Pty Ltd	[2004] FCAFC 78; (2004) 61 IPR 378; [2004] AIPC 91-981; [2004] ALMD 5526	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	31 Mar 2004	AustLII		26
Network Ten Pty Ltd v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd	[2004] HCA 14; (2004) 218 CLR 273; 205 ALR 1; (2004) 78 ALJR 585; [2004] AIPC 91-973; 59 IPR 1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	11 Mar 2004	AustLII		244
Teac Australia Pty Ltd and Commissioner of Taxation	[2002] AATA 1044; 51 ATR 1034	Administrative Appeals Tribunal	Australia	28 Oct 2002	AustLII
Kabushiki Kaisha Sony Computer Entertainment v Stevens	[2002] FCA 906	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Jul 2002	AustLII		8
Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd v Telstra Corporation Ltd	[2002] FCAFC 112	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 May 2002	AustLII		11
- Copyright and Contract	[2002] Can Com R 17		Canada	circa 2002	AustLII
Australian Video Retailers Association v Warner Home Video Pty Ltd	[2001] FCA 1719; (2001) 114 FCR 324; 53 IPR 242; [2002] AIPC 91-768	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	7 Dec 2001	AustLII		15
Pacific Gaming Pty Ltd v Aristocrat Leisure Industries Pty Ltd	[2001] FCA 1636; (2001) 116 FCR 448; [2002] AIPC 91-759	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Nov 2001	AustLII		15
Telstra Corporation Ltd v Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd	[2001] FCA 612; (2001) 181 ALR 134; [2001] AIPC 91-722; 51 IPR 257	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	25 May 2001	AustLII		24
TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd v Network Ten Pty Ltd	[2001] FCA 108; (2001) 108 FCR 235; 184 ALR 1; (2001) 50 IPR 335; [2001] AIPC 91-699	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	20 Feb 2001	AustLII		33
TR 2001/14 - Income tax: Division 35 - non-commercial business losses	[2001] ATOTR 14	Australian Taxation Office	Australia - Commonwealth	circa 2001	AustLII
TR 2001/14 - Income tax: Division 35 - non-commercial business losses	[2001] ATOTR TR2001/14	Australian Taxation Office	Australia - Commonwealth	circa 2001	AustLII
Stayte v Thompson	[2000] QCA 467	Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal	Australia - Queensland	17 Nov 2000	AustLII
T R Flanagan Smash Repairs Pty Ltd v Jones	[2000] FCA 625; (2000) 102 FCR 181; 172 ALR 467; 48 IPR 19	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	16 May 2000	AustLII		7
Campomar Sociedad, Limitada v Nike International Ltd	[2000] HCA 12; (2000) 202 CLR 45; (2000) 169 ALR 677; (2000) 48 IPR 52; (2000) 109 LGERA 1; [2000] AIPC 91-540; 74 ALJR 573; (2000) 202 ATPR (Digest) 46-303	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	9 Mar 2000	AustLII		813
Microsoft Corporation v Business Boost Pty Ltd	[1999] FCA 1384	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	8 Oct 1999	AustLII

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
"Rights in Geospatial Information: A Shifting Legal Terrain"	(2018) 41 Melbourne University Law Review 957	Alexander, Isabella; Jankowska, Marlena	Australia	circa 2018	AustLII		1
"Table of Cases"	[2017] ELECD 4	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2017	AustLII
"Copyright and Computer Generated Materials - Is it Time to Reboot the Discussion About Authorship?"	[2013] VicULawJJl 5	Fitzgerald, Anne; Seidenspinner, Tim	Australia	circa 2013	AustLII
"Table of Cases"	[2012] ELECD 71	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2012	AustLII
"Protection of Compilations and Databases after ICETV: Authorship, Originality and the Transformation of Australian Copyright Law"	(2012) 38 Monash University Law Review 17	Lindsay, David	Australia	circa 2012	AustLII		2
"Philip Argy - another pioneer"	[2010] ANZCompuLawJl 13	Gray, Pamela N	Australia	circa 2010	AustLII
"Copyright and the Sound Bite Society"	(2010) 10 Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 1	Barrett, Jonathan	Australia - Queensland	circa 2010	AustLII
"Musings on Copyright Law Some current issues touching the basic principles" (FCA)	[2009] FedJSchol 16	Lindgren, Justice Kevin	Australia	circa 2009	AustLII
"Challenges for Interpretation in Light of Evolving, Technologies"	(2008) 15 James Cook University Law Review 201	Selvadurai, Niloufer; Salter, Brent; Gillies, Peter	Australia	circa 2008	AustLII
"Games History, Content, Practice and Law"	[2007] SydUPLawBk 54	Fitzgerald, Brian; Humphreys, Sal; Banks, John; Done, Keith; Suzor, Nic	Australia	circa 2007	AustLII
"Digital Sampling and Culture Jamming in a Remix World: What does the law allow?"	[2007] SydUPLawBk 51	Fitzgerald, Brian; O'Brien, Damien	Australia	circa 2007	AustLII
"Copyright Failure and the Protection for Tables and Compilation"	(2006) 32 SCRIPT-ed 153	D Khong	United Kingdom	circa 2006	BAILII
"Courts and Social Change"	(2005) 33 (3) Federal Law Review 373	Sackville, Justice Ronald	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII		1
"Courts and social change" (FCA)	[2004] FedJSchol 16	Sackville, Justice Ronald	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII		1
"Monopoly versus freedom of ideas: the expansion of intellectual property" (FCA)	[2004] FedJSchol 17	Sackville, Justice Ronald	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII
"Real Pea Souper: The Panel Case and the Development of the Fair Dealing Defences to Copyright Infringement in Australia, A"	(2003) 27 Melbourne University Law Review 381	Handler, Michael; Rolph, David	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII		7
"Panel Case and Television Broadcast Copyright, The"	(2003) 25 Sydney Law Review 391	Handler, Michael	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII		2
"Database Protection Down Under: Would a Sweaty Australia Be Better off with a Northerly Change"	(2003) 26 University of New South Wales Law Journal 639	Gosnell, Sandra	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII		3
"Computer Programs and Copyright: An Australian Perspective" [2003] DigTechLawJl 2	(2003) 4 Digital Technology Law Journal 2	Padget, Luke	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII
"Reverse Enginerring of Software: Copyright and Interoperability"	[2003] JlLawInfoSci 2	Abbott, John	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII
"Legal protection of indigenous culture in Australia" (FCA)	[2002] FedJSchol 1	Sackville, Justice Ronald	Australia	circa 2002	AustLII
"Copyright protection of computer programs in Australia"	[2001] ANZCompuLawJl 7	Evenden, Rod	Australia	circa 2001	AustLII
Alpin, Tanya --- "When are compilations orginal? Telstra Corporation Ltd v Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd" [2001] DigTechLawJl 1	(2001) 3 Digital Technology Law Journal 1	Aplin, Tanya	Australia	circa 2001	AustLII		1
"Legal Issues Relating to Free and Open Source Software"	[2001] JlLawInfoSci 13	Fitzgerald, Brian; Bassatt, Graham; Rosen, Larry; Lard, Bill; Schellhase, David; Lind, Yancy	Australia	circa 2001	AustLII
"Restructuring the Test for Copyright Infringement in Relation to Literary and Dramatic Plots"	(2001) 25 Melbourne University Law Review 340	Rebikoff, Stephen	Australia	circa 2001	AustLII		1
"Sui Generis Intellectual Property Law Reform: Issues for Australia"	[2001] VUWLawRw 3	Richardson, Megan	New Zealand	circa 2001	NZLII
"Accomodating Computer Software to Copyright Doctrine: Defining the Scope of Copyright Protection for Software"	[2000] JlLawInfoSci 16	Fitzgerald, Anne; Cifuentes, Christine	Australia	circa 2000	AustLII
"Ralph's Radical New Income Tax Base: Does It Work"	(2000) 23 University of New South Wales Law Journal 282	Grbich, Yuri	Australia	circa 2000	AustLII		1
"Piecing together Powerflex"	(2000) 74 (6) Law Institute Journal 51	Bleechmore, Dr John	Australia - Victoria	circa 2000	AustLII
"Originality and Access: Copyright Protection of Compilations and Databases"	[1999] JlLawInfoSci 11	Bannister, Judith	Australia	circa 1999	AustLII
"Streaming the Software Development Process Through Reuse and Patents"	[1999] JlLawInfoSci 4	Moens, Annelies	Australia	circa 1999	AustLII

Legislation Cited

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
"Copyright and Computer Programs: Data Access v Powerflex before the High Court"	(1998) 20 Sydney Law Review 296	Sydney Law Review	Australia	circa 1998	AustLII		2
Powerflex Services Pty Ltd v Data Access Corporation (No 2)	(1997) 75 FCR 108	Federal Court of Australia	Australia	circa 1997	Legal Online / Westlaw		8
"A Coherent Theory for the Copyright Protection of Computer Software and Recent Judicial Interpretations"	(1997) 66 University of Cincinnati Law Review 53	University of Cincinnati Law Review	United States	circa 1997	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
Collector of Customs v Agfa-Gevaert Ltd	[1996] HCA 36; (1996) 186 CLR 389; (1996) 141 ALR 59; 24 AAR 282; 43 ALD 193; (1996) 35 ATR 249; (1996) 71 ALJR 123; (1996) 20 Leg Rep 30	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	10 Dec 1996	AustLII		898
Data Access Corporation v Powerflex Services Pty Ltd	(1996) 63 FCR 336; (1996) 33 IPR 194; [1996] AIPC 37,117	Federal Court of Australia	Australia	circa 1996	Legal Online / Westlaw		12
Nintendo Co Ltd v Centronics Systems Pty Ltd	[1994] HCA 27; (1994) 181 CLR 134; (1994) 121 ALR 577; 68 ALJR 537; 28 IPR 431; [1994] AIPC 91-077	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	4 Oct 1994	AustLII		121
CCOM Pty Ltd v Jiejing Pty Ltd	[1994] FCA 396; 51 FCR 260; (1994) 122 ALR 417; 28 IPR 481; [1994] AIPC 91-079	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Jun 1994	AustLII		230
Autodesk Inc v Dyason (No 2)	[1993] HCA 6; (1993) 176 CLR 300; (1993) 111 ALR 385; (1993) 25 IPR 33; (1993) 67 ALJR 270; [1993] RPC 259	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 Apr 1993	AustLII		877
Avel Pty Ltd v Wells	[1992] FCA 308; (1992) 36 FCR 340; (1992) 108 ALR 97; 23 IPR 353; [1992] AIPC 90-901	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Jun 1992	AustLII		8
Autodesk Inc v Dyason	[1992] HCA 2; (1992) 173 CLR 330; (1992) 104 ALR 563; (1992) 66 ALJR 233; 22 IPR 163; [1992] AIPC 38,182	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Feb 1992	AustLII		80
"Was Autocad Wrongly Decided?"	(1992) 14 (6) European Intellectual Property Review 191	European Intellectual Property Review	United Kingdom	circa 1992	Westlaw		2
Dixon Investments Pty Ltd v Hall	[1990] FCA 117; (1990) 18 IPR 481; [1990] AIPC 36,249	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	19 Apr 1990	AustLII		17
Greenfield Products Pty Ltd v Rover-Scott Bonnar Ltd	(1990) 95 ALR 275; (1990) 17 IPR 417; [1990] AIPC 36,231		Australia	circa 1990	LexisNexis AU		21
Computer Edge Pty Ltd v Apple Computer Inc	[1986] HCA 19; (1986) 161 CLR 171; (1986) 65 ALR 33; 6 IPR 1; (1986) 60 ALJR 313	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	6 May 1986	AustLII		107
Klissers Farmhouse Bakeries Ltd v Harvest Bakeries Ltd (No 2)	[1985] 2 NZLR 143		New Zealand	circa 1985	LexisNexis		22
Klissers Bakeries v Harvest Bakeries	(1985) 5 IPR 533			circa 1985	LexisNexis AU		2
Apple Computer Inc v Computer Edge Pty Ltd	(1983) 50 ALR 581; 1 IPR 353		Australia	circa 1983	LexisNexis AU		15
Exxon Corporation v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd	[1982] Ch 119; [1981] 3 All ER 241; [1981] 3 WLR 541	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1982	LexisNexis / Westlaw		61
Mirror Newspapers Ltd v Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd	[1982] Qd R 305; (1982) 59 FLR 71		Australia - Queensland	circa 1982	LexisNexis AU		14
Australian Consolidated Press Ltd v Morgan	[1965] HCA 21; (1965) 112 CLR 483; [1966] ALR 387; (1965) 39 ALJR 32	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Apr 1965	AustLII		330
Ladbroke (Football) Ltd v William Hill (Football) Ltd	[1964] 1 All ER 465; [1964] 1 WLR 273		United Kingdom	circa 1964	LexisNexis		295
National Research Development Corporation v Commissioner of Patents	[1959] HCA 67; (1959) 102 CLR 252; [1960] ALR 114; 1A IPR 63	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	16 Dec 1959	AustLII		384
G A Cramp & Sons Ltd v Frank Smythson Ltd	[1944] AC 329; [1944] 2 All ER 192		United Kingdom	circa 1944	LexisNexis / Westlaw		26
Hawkes & Son (London) Ltd v Paramount Film Service Ltd	[1934] Ch 593	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1934	LexisNexis / Westlaw		26
Sands & McDougall Pty Ltd v Robinson	[1917] HCA 14; (1917) 23 CLR 49; 23 ALR 154	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Apr 1917	AustLII		61
Hollinrake v Truswell	[1894] UKLawRpCh 158; [1894] 3 Ch 420	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	8 Aug 1894	CommonLII		59
Baker v Selden	101 US 99; 11 Ot 99; 25 L Ed 841	United States Supreme Court	United States	1 Oct 1879	WorldLII		108
946 FSupp 1079	946 FSupp 1079		United States	circa 1960	Westlaw		1