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B and B and Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs     56

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
Maple & Dryden	[2022] FedCFamC1F 301	Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 1 First Instance	Australia - Commonwealth	9 May 2022	AustLII
Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Public Trustee	[2022] WASC 85	Supreme Court of Western Australia	Australia - Western Australia	11 Mar 2022	AustLII
MS	[2020] WASAT 146	State Administrative Tribunal of Western Australia	Australia - Western Australia	25 Nov 2020	AustLII		3
Carroll & Carroll	[2014] FamCAFC 118	Family Court of Australia	Australia	8 Jul 2014	AustLII
Landin & Eades	[2013] FCCA 1276	Federal Circuit Court of Australia	Australia	3 May 2013	AustLII
Knightley v Brandon	[2013] FMCAfam 148; (2013) 272 FLR 332	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	1 Feb 2013	AustLII		4
Kavan & Hawkins	[2012] FMCAfam 1421	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	4 Dec 2012	AustLII		2
Carroll & Carroll	[2012] FMCAfam 1100	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	11 Oct 2012	AustLII		1
Barney & Barney	[2012] FMCAfam 487	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	24 May 2012	AustLII
Martell & Allard	[2012] FMCAfam 326	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	13 Apr 2012	AustLII		2
Conca & Conca	[2012] FMCAfam 232	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	16 Mar 2012	AustLII
Korman & Quinn	[2011] FMCAfam 237	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	23 Mar 2011	AustLII
Houlis & Houlis	[2010] FMCAfam 972	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	9 Sep 2010	AustLII
Seaford & Seaford	[2009] FMCAfam 902	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	25 Aug 2009	AustLII
Nott & Nott	[2009] FMCAfam 770	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	24 Jul 2009	AustLII
Polito	[2009] FMCAfam 511	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	27 May 2009	AustLII		2
Ravens & Ravens	[2009] FMCAfam 350	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	24 Apr 2009	AustLII
Mills & Watson	[2008] FMCAfam 2; (2008) 217 FLR 10; 39 Fam LR 52	Federal Magistrates Court of Australia	Australia	1 Apr 2008	AustLII		43
Re Brodie (Special Medical Procedures: Jurisdiction)	[2007] FamCA 776	Family Court of Australia	Australia	24 Jul 2007	AustLII		10
Ohb v MTM	[2007] WASCA 6; [2007] FLC 93-338; (2007) 207 FLR 95; 36 Fam LR 614	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	9 Jan 2007	AustLII		2
Campbell v Commonwealth (Tasmania Air Training Corps)	[2005] AusHRC 29	Australian Human Rights Commission	Australia - Commonwealth	1 Mar 2005	AustLII
SB v New South Wales	[2004] VSC 514; (2004) 13 VR 527	Supreme Court of Victoria	Australia - Victoria	14 Dec 2004	AustLII		34
Dunne v P	[2004] WASCA 239; (2004) 29 WAR 232; [2004] FLC 93-205; (2004) 187 FLR 44; (2004) 212 ALR 413; (2004) 32 Fam LR 441	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	27 Oct 2004	AustLII		4
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v B	[2004] HCA 20; (2004) 219 CLR 365; [2004] FLC 93-174; 206 ALR 130; (2004) 78 ALJR 737; 31 Fam LR 339; 77 ALD 640	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	29 Apr 2004	AustLII		203
Re Alex	[2004] FamCA 297; 180 FLR 89; [2004] FLC 93-175; (2004) 31 Fam LR 503	Family Court of Australia	Australia	13 Apr 2004	AustLII		65
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich	[2003] FamCA 1114; [2003] FLC 93-171; 181 FLR 181; 31 Fam LR 667	Family Court of Australia	Australia	15 Oct 2003	AustLII		41
'P' v Dunne	[2003] WASCA 201; (2003) 27 WAR 528; (2003) 186 FLR 50; [2003] FLC 93-153; (2003) 31 Fam LR 178	Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal	Australia - Western Australia	29 Aug 2003	AustLII		3
Nguyen Van Son v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs	[2003] FCA 875	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Aug 2003	AustLII		3
HR v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs	[2003] FamCA 616; [2003] FLC 93-156; 179 FLR 172; 31 Fam LR 123	Family Court of Australia	Australia	14 Aug 2003	AustLII		4
KN v SD	[2003] FamCA 610; [2003] FLC 93-148; 176 FLR 73; 30 Fam LR 394	Family Court of Australia	Australia	29 Jul 2003	AustLII		8

Law Reform Reports Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice	[2008] ALRC 108	Australian Law Reform Commission	Australia	circa 2008	AustLII		2

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
"Express Recognition of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in the Family Law Act: What Impact for Children's Rights to be Heard?"	(2013) 36 University of New South Wales Law Journal 88	Fernando, Michelle	Australia	circa 2013	AustLII
"The Never-Ending Challenge of Drafting and Interpreting Statutes - A Meditation on the Career of John Finemore QC"	(2012) 36 Melbourne University Law Review 140	Kirby, Michael	Australia	circa 2012	AustLII		2
"Unfinished Matters: The Federal and State Supreme Courts on Constitutional Law: The 2003 Term"	[2011] UNSWLRS 45	McColl, Ruth	Australia	circa 2011	AustLII
"Judging the Judges: Are They Adopting the Rights Approach in Matters Involving Children"	(2009) 33 Melbourne University Law Review 579	Tobin, John	Australia	circa 2009	AustLII		3
"Judging the Judges: Are They Adopting the Rights Approach in Matters Involving Children?"	[2009] UMelbLRS 27	Tobin, John	Australia	circa 2009	AustLII
"Is There Such a Thing as a Right to Be a Parent"	(2008) 33 Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 26	Zenghellini, Alerdo	Australia	circa 2008	AustLII		2
"Howard Government's Record of Engagement with the International Human Rights System, The"	(2008) 27 Australian Year Book of International Law 45	Joseph, Sarah	Australia	circa 2008	AustLII		2
"Table of Cases"	(2008) 27 Australian Year Book of International Law 503	Editors	Australia	circa 2008	AustLII
"Guardianship of Child Asylum-Seekers"	(2006) 34 Federal Law Review 185	Taylor, Julie	Australia	circa 2006	AustLII		2
"Textual legitimacy when thinking global, acting local"	(2006) 15 Polemic 2	Roughley, Fiona	Australia	circa 2006	AustLII
"When Refugee Claimants Are Kept in the Dark: Obstacles to See(k)ing Asylum in Australia"	(2006) 12 Australian Journal of Human Rights 27	Martin, Fiona	Australia	circa 2006	AustLII
"Engaging with the United Nations Treat Bodies: A Fruitful Dialogue"	(2006) 13 Australian International Law Journal 57	Low, Jo En	Australia	circa 2006	AustLII
"Arbitrary Detention in Australia: Detention of Unlawful Non-Citizens under the Migration Act 1958 (Cth)"	(2006) 25 Australian Year Book of International Law 273	Stubbs, Matthew T	Australia	circa 2006	AustLII		3
"Cases Involving Questions of Public International Law 2003"	(2005) 24 Australian Year Book of International Law 265	Olbourne, Ben; Rothwell, Donald R; Stephens, Tim	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII
"The Constitution as Physics: A Commentary on Papers by Professor Saunders and Dr Mantziaris"	(2004) 25 Adelaide Law Review 257	Johnston, Peter	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII		2
"Children in immigration detention: The Bakhtiyari Family in the High Court and beyond"	(2004) 29 (5) Alternative Law Journal 217	Sifris, Adiva; Penovic, Tania	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII
"Consent to Treatment for Transgender and Intersex Children"	(2004) 9 Deakin Law Review 375	Parlett, Kate; Weston-Scheuber, Kylie-Maree	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII		2
"Judicial Discretion and Human Rights: Expanding the Role of International Law in the Domestic Sphere"	(2004) 5 Melbourne Journal of International Law 108	Lacey, Wendy	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII		9
"Introduction"	(2004) 5 Melbourne Journal of International Law 220	Goh, Anthony; Jukes, Michael; Yoosuf, Mehnaz	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII
"B & (and) B and Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs: Can International Treaties Release Children from Immigration Detention Centres"	(2004) 5 Melbourne Journal of International Law 256	Ruddle, Lara; Nicholes, Sally	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII		1
"Unfinished Matters: The Federal and State Supreme Courts on Consitutional Law - The 2003 Term"	(2004) 27 University of New South Wales Law Journal 777	McColl, Ruth	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII
"Asylum seekers: Australia and Europe - worlds apart"	(2003) 28 (4) Alternative Law Journal 193	McAdam, Jane	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII
"Deep Anxieties: Australia and the International Legal Order"	(2003) 25 Sydney Law Review 423	Charlesworth, Hilary; Chiam, Madelaine; Hovell, Devika; Williams, George	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII		31
"Withholding and Withdrawing Treatment in South Australia When Patients, Parents or Guardians Insist That Treatment Must Be Continued"	(2003) 24 Adelaide Law Review 161	Skene, Loane	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII		1
"Children and Children's Rights in the Context of Family Law" (FamCA)	[2003] FedJSchol 27	Guest, Justice Paul	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII

Legislation Cited

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v Al Masri	[2003] FCAFC 70; (2003) 126 FCR 54; (2003) 197 ALR 241; 73 ALD 609	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 Apr 2003	AustLII		210
Oates v Attorney-General (Cth)	[2003] HCA 21; (2003) 214 CLR 496; (2003) 197 ALR 105; (2003) 77 ALJR 980; (2003) 24 Leg Rep 11; (2003) 73 ALD 321	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	10 Apr 2003	AustLII		40
B v B (Re Jurisdiction)	[2003] FamCA 105; 172 FLR 286; [2003] FLC 93-136; (2003) 31 Fam LR 7	Family Court of Australia	Australia	19 Feb 2003	AustLII		38
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Lam	[2003] HCA 6; (2003) 214 CLR 1; (2003) 195 ALR 502; (2003) 77 ALJR 699; (2003) 72 ALD 613; (2003) 24 Leg Rep 8	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	circa 2003	AustLII		1887
VLAH v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs	[2002] FCA 1554	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Dec 2002	AustLII		7
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v VFAD	[2002] FCAFC 390; (2002) 125 FCR 249; (2002) 196 ALR 111; 71 ALD 335	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	9 Dec 2002	AustLII		68
NAMU of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs	[2002] FCAFC 401; (2002) 124 FCR 589; 197 ALR 545; 72 ALD 351	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	9 Dec 2002	AustLII		20
R (Saadi) v Secretary of State for the Home Department	[2002] UKHL 41; [2002] 4 All ER 785; [2002] 1 WLR 3131; [2002] All ER (D) 461; [2003] UKHRR 173; [2003] ACD 11; [2002] INLR 523	House of Lords	United Kingdom	31 Oct 2002	BAILII		66
Al Masri v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs	[2002] FCA 1009; (2002) 192 ALR 609; 69 ALD 296	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 Aug 2002	AustLII		53
NAMU of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs	[2002] FCA 999	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	9 Aug 2002	AustLII		4
NAMU of 2002 v Secretary, Department of Immigration, Indigenous and Multicultural Affairs	[2002] FCA 907	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	4 Jul 2002	AustLII		12
Re A (A Minor) (Wardship: Immigration)	[1992] 1 FLR 427		Australia	15 Nov 2001	PacLII		11
Molisi v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs	[2001] FCA 420; 108 FCR 516; 27 Fam LR 474	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	11 Apr 2001	AustLII		9
L v t	[1999] FamCA 1699; 154 FLR 211; [1999] FLC 92-875; (1999) 25 Fam LR 590	Family Court of Australia	Australia	6 Dec 1999	AustLII		95
T v f	[1999] FamCA 738; 151 FLR 312; [1999] FLC 92-855; 25 Fam LR 36	Family Court of Australia	Australia	30 Jun 1999	AustLII		14
Abebe v Commonwealth	[1999] HCA 14; (1999) 197 CLR 510; (1999) 162 ALR 1; (1999) 55 ALD 1; (1999) 73 ALJR 584; (1999) 7 Leg Rep 2	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Apr 1999	AustLII		3679
Northern Territory of Australia v GPAO	(1999) 196 CLR 553		Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1999	Legal Online / Westlaw		232
Ams v Aif	(1999) 199 CLR 160		Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1999	Legal Online / Westlaw		853
THANG THIEU QUYEN å Šå ¦å ºº å  å ¥å ƒ º‹å‹™ ™ ™ é ·å Šå ¦ € ºº	[1998] HKCFA 7; [1998] 3 HKC 247; [1998] 2 HKLRD 179; (1997-1998) 1 HKCFAR 167	Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal	Hong Kong	23 Feb 1998	HKLII		20
Moher v Moher	[1998] 1 FLR 225		Australia	circa 1998	Legal Online / Westlaw		17
Kartinyeri v The Commonwealth	(1998) 195 CLR 337		Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1998	Legal Online / Westlaw		340
Thorpe v Commonwealth of Australia (No 3)	[1997] HCA 21; (1997) 144 ALR 677; (1997) 71 ALJR 767; (1997) 10 Leg Rep 30	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Jun 1997	AustLII		92
In re Z (A Minor) (Identification: Restrictions on Publication)	[1997] Fam 1		United Kingdom	circa 1997			46
B and B: Family Law Reform Act 1995	(1997) 140 FLR 11; [1997] FLC 92-755; (1997) 21 Fam LR 676		Australia	circa 1997	Legal Online / Westlaw		694
Smith v Wickstein	[1996] FamCA 152; [1996] FLC 92-714; 135 FLR 296; 21 Fam LR 118	Family Court of Australia	Australia	7 Nov 1996	AustLII		16
Tan Te Lam v Superintendent of Tai A Chau Detention Centre	[1996] UKPC 5; [1997] AC 97; [1996] 4 All ER 256; [1996] 2 WLR 863	Privy Council	United Kingdom	27 Mar 1996	BAILII		162
Industrial Relations Act Case	(1995-1996) 187 CLR 416		Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1996	Legal Online / Westlaw		412
Re Z	(1996) 134 FLR 40; [1996] FLC 92-694; (1996) 20 Fam LR 651		Australia	circa 1996	Legal Online / Westlaw		46
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh	[1995] HCA 20; (1995) 183 CLR 273; (1995) 128 ALR 353; (1995) 69 ALJR 423; (1995) 39 ALD 206; [1995] EOC 92-696; [1996] 1 CHRLD 67; (1995) 7 Leg Rep 18	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	7 Apr 1995	AustLII		1850
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p T	[1995] 1 FLR 293		Australia	circa 1995	Legal Online / Westlaw		29
P v P	[1994] HCA 20; (1994) 181 CLR 583; (1994) 120 ALR 545; [1994] FLC 92-462; 68 ALJR 449; (1994) 17 Fam LR 457	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	20 Apr 1994	AustLII		122
Coco v R	[1994] HCA 15; (1994) 179 CLR 427; (1994) 120 ALR 415; 72 A Crim R 32; (1994) 68 ALJR 401; [1994] Aust Torts Reports 81-270	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Apr 1994	AustLII		974
R (a minor) (wardship: restrictions on publication), Re	[1994] Fam 254; [1994] 3 All ER 658; [1994] 3 WLR 36		United Kingdom	circa 1994	LexisNexis		16
Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade v Magno	[1992] FCA 566; (1992) 37 FCR 298; (1992) 112 ALR 529	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Nov 1992	AustLII		417
Secretary, Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB	[1992] HCA 15; (1992) 175 CLR 218; [1992] FLC 92-293; (1992) 106 ALR 385; (1992) 15 Fam LR 392; 66 ALJR 300	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	6 May 1992	AustLII		788
Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Msilanga	[1992] FCA 41; 34 FCR 169; (1992) 105 ALR 301; 25 ALD 545	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Feb 1992	AustLII		67
Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs	[1992] HCA 64; (1992) 176 CLR 1; (1993) 110 ALR 97; 67 ALJR 125	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1992	AustLII		1063
Saraswati v R	[1991] HCA 21; (1991) 172 CLR 1; (1991) 100 ALR 193; 65 ALJR 402; 54 A Crim R 183	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	5 Jun 1991	AustLII		653
Richardson v Forestry Commission	[1988] HCA 10; 164 CLR 261; 73 ALR 589; 61 ALJR 528; 90 ILR 58	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1988	AustLII		183
Re Bolton; Ex parte Beane	[1987] HCA 12; (1987) 162 CLR 514; (1987) 70 ALR 225; 61 ALJR 190; 25 A Crim R 90	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	9 Apr 1987	AustLII		721
Williams v R	[1986] HCA 88; (1986) 161 CLR 278; (1986) 66 ALR 385; (1986) 60 ALJR 636; 28 A Crim R 1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Aug 1986	AustLII		394
Clark v Clark	[1986] 1 FLR 179		Australia	circa 1986	Legal Online / Westlaw		5
Kioa v West	[1985] HCA 81; (1985) 159 CLR 550; (1985) 62 ALR 321; (1986) 60 ALJR 113; 9 ALN N28	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	18 Dec 1985	AustLII		3953
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority	[1985] UKHL 7; [1986] AC 112; [1985] 3 All ER 402; [1985] 3 WLR 830	House of Lords	United Kingdom	17 Oct 1985	BAILII		512
W (A Minor) (Wardship: Jurisdiction), In re	[1985] AC 791; [1985] 2 All ER 301; [1985] 2 WLR 892; (1985) 149 JP 593; (1985) 83 LGR 669; [1985] Fam Law 326		United Kingdom	circa 1985	LexisNexis / Westlaw		22
Re W (A Minor) (Care Proceedings: Wardship)	[1985] FLR 879		Australia	circa 1985	Legal Online / Westlaw		2
R v Home Secretary, ex parte Khawaja	[1984] 1 AC 74		United Kingdom	circa 1984	LexisNexis / Westlaw		374
R v Governor of Durham Prison; Ex parte Singh	[1983] EWHC 1; [1983] EWHC 1 (QB); [1984] 1 All ER 983; [1984] 1 WLR 704; [1983] Imm AR 198	High Court of England and Wales	United Kingdom - England and Wales	13 Dec 1983	BAILII		517
A v Liverpool County Council	[1982] AC 363; [1981] 2 All ER 385; [1981] 2 WLR 948		United Kingdom	circa 1982	LexisNexis / Westlaw		51
Johnson v Director-General of Social Welfare (Vict)	[1976] HCA 19; (1976) 135 CLR 92; 9 ALR 343; (1976) 50 ALJR 562	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Apr 1976	AustLII		48
Re X (a minor)	[1975] Fam 47; [1975] 1 All ER 697		United Kingdom	circa 1975			71
Carseldine v Director of Department of Children' Services	[1974] HCA 33; (1974) 133 CLR 345; (1974) 4 ALR 195; 48 ALJR 344	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	19 Sep 1974	AustLII		42
McLean v Kowald	(1974) 9 SASR 384	Supreme Court of South Australia	Australia - South Australia	circa 1974	Legal Online / Westlaw		10
J v C	[1969] UKHL 4; [1970] AC 668; [1969] 1 All ER 788; [1969] 2 WLR 540; [1969] FLRRep 360	House of Lords	United Kingdom	19 Feb 1969	BAILII		187
In re Mohamed Arif (An Infant)	[1968] Ch 643	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1968	LexisNexis / Westlaw		30
Minister for the Interior v Neyens	[1964] HCA 71; (1964) 113 CLR 411; [1965] ALR 627; 38 ALJR 262	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	17 Nov 1964	AustLII		22
Trobridge v Hardy	[1955] HCA 68; (1955) 94 CLR 147; [1956] ALR 15	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	7 Dec 1955	AustLII		197
Polites v Commonwealth	[1945] HCA 3; (1945) 70 CLR 60; [1945] ALR 113; 12 ILR 208	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	10 Apr 1945	AustLII		208
R v Cannon Rowe Police Station (Inspector)	(1922) 91 LJKB 98	King's Bench	United Kingdom	circa 1922			11
Cox v Hakes	[1890] UKLawRpAC 36; (1890) 15 AC 506		United Kingdom	5 Aug 1890	CommonLII		97
Bennet v Bennet	[1879] UKLawRpCh 25; (1879) 10 Ch D 474		United Kingdom	25 Jan 1879	CommonLII		47
Wellesley v Duke of Beaufort	[1827] EngR 268; (1828) 2 Bli NS 124; 4 ER 1078; (1827) 2 Russ 1; 12 Ves 492	House of Lords	United Kingdom	circa 1827	CommonLII		114
Somerset v Stewart	[1772] EngR 57; 98 ER 499; [1772] Lofft 1; (1772) 20 St Tr 1; [1772] Lo R 1	King's Bench	United Kingdom	circa 1772	CommonLII		69