LawCite Search | LawCite Markup Tool | Help | Feedback Law Cite

Huddart Parker Ltd v The Commonwealth     91

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
Talbott v Minister for the Environment	[2020] FCA 1042	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Jul 2020	AustLII
Spence v Queensland	[2019] HCA 15; (2019) 268 CLR 355; (2019) 367 ALR 587; (2019) 93 ALJR 643	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 May 2019	AustLII		52
Pty Ltd v Natvia Pty Ltd	[2018] NSWSC 1288	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	10 Aug 2018	AustLII		11
South African Municipal Workers Union v Minister of Co-Operative Governance and Traditional Affairs	[2016] ZAGPPHC 733	North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria	South Africa	23 Feb 2016	SAFLII		1
"Table of Cases"	[2014] ELECD 35	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2014	AustLII
"Table of Cases"	[2013] ELECD 72	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2013	AustLII
Keri & Wilfred	[2012] FamCA 1114	Family Court of Australia	Australia	14 Dec 2012	AustLII
Imperial Tobacco Ltd v The Lord Advocate as Representing The Scottish Ministers	[2012] ScotCS CSIH_9	Scottish Court of Session	United Kingdom - Scotland	2 Feb 2012	BAILII
Joly Pty Ltd v Director-General of the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water	[2009] NSWLEC 217	Land and Environment Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	18 Dec 2009	AustLII		2
Spencer v Commonwealth of Australia	[2009] FCAFC 38; (2009) 174 FCR 398; (2009) 254 ALR 234	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	24 Mar 2009	AustLII		11
Spencer v Commonwealth	[2008] FCA 1256	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Aug 2008	AustLII		13
Channel Seven Adelaide Pty Ltd v Manock	[2007] HCA 60; (2007) 232 CLR 245; (2007) 241 ALR 468; [2007] Aust Torts Reports 81-923; (2007) 82 ALJR 303	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Dec 2007	AustLII		140
New South Wales v Commonwealth	[2006] HCA 52; (2006) 229 CLR 1; (2006) 231 ALR 1; (2006) 81 ALJR 34; (2006) 156 IR 1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Nov 2006	AustLII		347
Victoria v Commonwealth (M21/2006) (Related Case) ("Workchoices Case") - Volume 1 - Plaintiff's Reply	[2006] HCASCF 136	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	2 May 2006	AustLII
New South Wales v Commonwealth (S592/2005) (Lead Action) ("Workchoices Case") - Volume 1 - Demurrer Book - Volume 2	[2006] HCASCF 125	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	26 Apr 2006	AustLII
Capital Duplicators Pty Ltd v Australian Capital Territory	[1992] HCA 51; (1992) 177 CLR 248; (1992) 109 ALR 1; (1992) 66 ALJR 794	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 Oct 1992	AustLII		148
Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills	[1992] HCA 46; (1992) 177 CLR 1; (1992) 108 ALR 681; (1992) 66 ALJR 658; (1992) 44 IR 282	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Sep 1992	AustLII		940
Re Ronald Owen v Robert Alfred Turner and Barry Owen Jones	[1989] FCA 542	Federal Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 Dec 1989	AustLII
R v Toohey; Ex parte Northern Land Council	[1981] HCA 74; (1981) 151 CLR 170; 38 ALR 439; 56 ALJR 164	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	24 Dec 1981	AustLII		407
"The judicial interpretation of section 92 of the Australian Constitution, Volume 2"	[1981] UNSWLawTD 2	Coper, Michael	Australia	circa 1981	AustLII
Seamen's Union of Australia v Utah Development Co	[1978] HCA 46; (1978) 144 CLR 120; 22 ALR 291; (1978) 53 ALJR 83	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	29 Nov 1978	AustLII		54
Attorney-General (WA) v Australian National Airlines Commission	[1976] HCA 66; (1976) 138 CLR 492; (1976) 12 ALR 17; 51 ALJR 299	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	17 Dec 1976	AustLII		60
Murphyores Inc Pty Ltd v Commonwealth	[1976] HCA 20; 136 CLR 1; (1976) 9 ALR 199; 38 LGRA 224	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Apr 1976	AustLII		260
Murphyores Inc Pty Ltd v Commonwealth	[1976] HCA 20; 136 CLR 1; (1976) 9 ALR 199; 38 LGRA 224	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Apr 1976	AustLII		260
"Systems of securities regulation, Volume 3"	[1975] UNSWLawTD 3	Geddes, David	Australia	circa 1975	AustLII
"Systems of securities regulation, Volume 4"	[1975] UNSWLawTD 4	Geddes, David	Australia	circa 1975	AustLII
Herald and Weekly Times Ltd v The Commonwealth	[1966] HCA 78; (1966) 115 CLR 418; [1967] ALR 300; 40 ALJR 430	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Nov 1966	AustLII		82
Independent Steamship Owners Association, Australian Coastal Shipping Commission (Australian National Line); The Broken Hill Proprietary Co Ltd, Burns Philp and Co Ltd, William Holyman and Sons Pty Ltd, The Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd, Western Australian Government State Shipping Service, The Commonwealth Steamship Owners Association v The Seamen's Union of Australia and The Seamen's Award 1955		Commonwealth Arbitration Reports	Australia - Commonwealth	23 Dec 1964	AustLII
Australian Coastal Shipping Commission v O'Reilly	[1962] HCA 8; (1962) 107 CLR 46; 63 FLC 91-101; [1962] ALR 502; 35 ALJR 468	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	27 Feb 1962	AustLII		59
James Paterson & Co Pty Ltd v Melbourne Harbor Trust Commissioners	[1961] VicRp 60; [1961] VR 343		Australia - Victoria	19 Dec 1960	AustLII		5
R v Foster; Ex parte Eastern and Australian Steamship Co Ltd	[1959] HCA 10; (1959) 103 CLR 256; [1959] ALR 485; 32 ALJR 446	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Mar 1959	AustLII		67
"The Australian Constitution - Applicability of Section 55(1) to Non-Revenue Legislation"	[1957] Res Jud 79	Jones, F L	Australia	circa 1957	AustLII
R v Wright; Ex parte Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia	[1955] HCA 35; (1955) 93 CLR 528; [1955] ALR 654	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	22 Jun 1955	AustLII		43
R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd	[1953] HCA 22; (1953) 88 CLR 100; [1953] ALR 461; (1953) 27 ALJR 35	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Apr 1953	AustLII		387
Re: the Delhi Laws ACT, 1912, the Ajmer-Merwara	[1951] INSC 35; [1951] SCR 747; AIR 1951 SC 332	Supreme Court of India	India	23 May 1951	LIIofIndia		68
Commonwealth of Australia v Bank of New South Wales	[1949] ArgusLawRp 101; (1949) 56 ALR 925	Argus Law Reports	Australia	26 Oct 1949	AustLII
Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth	[1948] HCA 7; (1948) 76 CLR 1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	11 Aug 1948	AustLII		779
Bank of New South Wales v the Commonwealth of Australia (42/1947) (Lead Case) ("Bank Nationalisation Case") - Reasons of Rich & Williams Jj	[1948] HCASCF 107	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	11 Aug 1948	AustLII		4
Lord Mayor Councillor and Citizens of the City of Melbourne v the Commonwealth of Australia (10/1947) (Related Case) ("State Banking Case") - Reasons for Decision of the Full Court	[1947] HCASCF 17	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Aug 1947	AustLII
Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth	[1947] HCA 26; (1947) 74 CLR 31; [1947] ALR 377; (1947) 21 ALJR 188	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Aug 1947	AustLII		446
Morgan v Commonwealth	[1947] HCA 6; (1947) 74 CLR 421; [1947] ALR 161	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Apr 1947	AustLII		34
Australian National Airways Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth; Guinea Airways Ltd v The Commonwealth; MacRobertson-Miller Aviation Co Ltd v The Commonwealth	[1945] ArgusLawRp 93; (1946) 52 ALR 1	Argus Law Reports	Australia	14 Dec 1945	AustLII		7
Australian National Airways Pty Ltd v Commonwealth	[1945] HCA 41; (1945) 71 CLR 29; [1946] ALR 1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	14 Dec 1945	AustLII		207
Fraser Henleins Pty Ltd v Cody	[1945] HCA 49; (1945) 70 CLR 100; [1945] ALR 186	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 Jun 1945	AustLII		196
R v Kempley	[1944] NSWStRp 7; (1944) 44 SR (NSW) 416; 61 WN (NSW) 16	Supreme Court of New South Wales	Australia - New South Wales	12 Apr 1944	AustLII		10
Pidoto v Victoria	[1943] ArgusLawRp 68; (1944) 50 ALR 1	Argus Law Reports	Australia	2 Dec 1943	AustLII		14
Pidoto v Victoria	[1943] HCA 37; (1943) 68 CLR 87; [1944] ALR 1	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	2 Dec 1943	AustLII		167
Victorian Chamber of Manufactures v The Commonwealth (Lighting Restrictions Case)	[1943] ArgusLawRp 42; (1943) 49 ALR 325	Argus Law Reports	Australia	16 Aug 1943	AustLII
Victorian Chamber of Manufactures v Commonwealth (Industrial Lighting Regulations)	[1943] HCA 22; 67 CLR 413; [1943] ALR 325	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	16 Aug 1943	AustLII		43
Commonwealth v Grunseit	[1943] HCA 47; (1943) 67 CLR 58; (1943) 17 ALJR 22	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	6 May 1943	AustLII		99
Wishart v Fraser	[1941] HCA 8; (1941) 64 CLR 470; [1941] ALR 133	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	10 Apr 1941	AustLII		124
Joyce v Australasian United Steam Navigation Co Ltd	[1939] HCA 31; (1939) 62 CLR 160; [1939] ALR 442	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	21 Sep 1939	AustLII		24
Joyce v The Australasian United Steam Navigation Co Ltd	[1939] ArgusLawRp 64; (1939) 45 ALR 442	Argus Law Reports	Australia	21 Sep 1939	AustLII
Deputy FCT (NSW) v W R Moran Pty Ltd	[1939] HCA 27; (1939) 61 CLR 735; [1939] ALR 357; 5 ATD 204; (1939) 13 ALJR 205	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	25 Jul 1939	AustLII		95
Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v W R Moran Pty Ltd (The Flour Tax Case)	[1939] ArgusLawRp 54; (1939) 45 ALR 357	Argus Law Reports	Australia	25 Jul 1939	AustLII
Hopper v Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board (Vict)	[1939] HCA 24; (1939) 61 CLR 665; [1939] ALR 249	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	1 Jun 1939	AustLII		54
R v Poole; Ex parte Henry [No 2]	[1939] HCA 19; (1939) 61 CLR 634; [1939] ALR 269	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	19 May 1939	AustLII		58
Faithorn v Territory of Papua	[1938] HCA 54; (1938) 60 CLR 772	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	3 Nov 1938	AustLII		8
Radio Corporation Pty Ltd v Commonwealth	[1938] HCA 9; (1938) 59 CLR 170; [1938] ALR 146	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	7 Mar 1938	AustLII		50
Radio Corporation Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth	[1938] ArgusLawRp 6; (1938) 44 ALR 146	Argus Law Reports	Australia	7 Mar 1938	AustLII
McDonald v Victoria	[1937] HCA 60; 58 CLR 146; [1937] ALR 629	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	25 Oct 1937	AustLII		7
Hanson v Hanson	[1937] ArgusLawRp 90; (1937) 43 ALR 632	Argus Law Reports	Australia	8 Oct 1937	AustLII
Ffrost v Stevenson	[1937] HCA 41; (1937) 58 CLR 528; [1937] ALR 533	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	13 Aug 1937	AustLII		96
R v Burgess; Ex parte Henry	[1936] HCA 52; (1936) 55 CLR 608; [1936] ALR 482; 8 ILR 54	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	10 Nov 1936	AustLII		194
James v The Commonwealth	[1936] UKPCHCA 4	Privy Council	Australia	17 Jul 1936	AustLII		1
Frederick Alexander James Appeal No 3 of 1936 v Commonwealth of Australia (Respondents) and the State and New South (Australia)	[1936] UKPC 52	Privy Council	United Kingdom	17 Jul 1936	BAILII		3
Elliott v The Commonwealth	[1936] HCA 7; (1936) 54 CLR 657; [1936] ALR 174; (1936) 9 ALJR 455	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	6 Mar 1936	AustLII		25
James v The Commonwealth	[1935] ArgusLawRp 47; (1935) 41 ALR 275	Argus Law Reports	Australia	11 Jun 1935	AustLII
James v The Commonwealth	[1935] HCA 38; 52 CLR 570; [1935] ALR 275	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	11 Jun 1935	AustLII		23
Rex v Vizzard, Ex parte Hill	[1933] ArgusLawRp 115; (1934) 40 ALR 16	Argus Law Reports	Australia	15 Dec 1933	AustLII		1
R v Vizzard; Ex parte Hill	[1933] HCA 62; 50 CLR 30; [1934] ALR 16	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	15 Dec 1933	AustLII		62
R v Mahony; Ex parte Johnson	[1931] HCA 36; (1931) 46 CLR 131; 37 ALR 377	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Nov 1931	AustLII		30
Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Co Pty Ltd and Meakes v Dignan	[1931] HCA 34; (1931) 46 CLR 73; 38 ALR 22	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	2 Nov 1931	AustLII		624
Dignan v Australian Steamships Pty Ltd	[1931] HCA 19; (1931) 45 CLR 188; 37 ALR 213	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 May 1931	AustLII		19

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
"Legal Unreasonableness: In Need of a New Justification?"	(2022) 45 University of New South Wales Law Journal 113	Boughey, Janina	Australia	circa 2022	AustLII		1
"Constitutional Characterisation: Embedding Value Judgements about the Relationship between the Legislature and the Judiciary"	(2021) 45 Melbourne University Law Review 277	Stellios, James	Australia	circa 2021	AustLII		1
"Judging the New by the Old in the Judicial Review of Executive Action"	(2020) 42 Sydney Law Review 469	Gageler, Stephen	Australia	circa 2020	AustLII
"The 2017 Winterton Lecture Sir Owen Dixon Today"	(2018) 43 University of Western Australia Law Review 30	Gummow, William	Australia - Western Australia	circa 2018	AustLII		1
"Table of Cases"	[2014] ELECD 35	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2014	AustLII
"Table of Cases"	[2013] ELECD 72	Edited Legal Collections Data	Australia	circa 2013	AustLII
"Herbert Vere Evatt: Jurist, Politician, Person - The Paradox"	(2009) 21 Bond Law Review 4	Guy, Scott	Australia	circa 2009	AustLII
"Beyond a Federal Structure: Is a Constitutional Commitment to a Federal Relationship Possible"	(2008) 31 University of New South Wales Law Journal 395	Lynch, Andrew; Williams, George	Australia	circa 2008	AustLII		3
"In Spite of Itself?: The High Court and the Development of Australian Sentencing Principles"	(2005) 2 University of New England Law Journal 1	Edney, Richard	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII		1
"Government under the Law: The Ebb and Flow of Sovereignty in Australia"	(2001) 24 University of New South Wales Law Journal 670	Ratnapala, Suri	Australia	circa 2001	AustLII
"Judicial Reasonings and Responsibilities in Constitutional Cases"	(1994) 20 Monash University Law Review 195	Rose, Dennis	Australia	circa 1994	AustLII		8
"An Australian Charter of Rights?"	(1994) 17 University of New South Wales Law Journal 667	Williams, George	Australia	circa 1994	AustLII		1
"Canada and Australia: A Federal Parting of the Ways"	(1989) 18 (2) Federal Law Review 53	Cullen, Richard	Australia	circa 1989	AustLII
"The Separation of Powers: A Comparison"	(1987) 17 (3) Federal Law Review 151	Gibbs, Harry	Australia	circa 1987	AustLII
"The judicial interpretation of section 92 of the Australian Constitution, Volume 2"	[1981] UNSWLawTD 2	Coper, Michael	Australia	circa 1981	AustLII
"Constitutional Restraints on Trade and Commerce in Australia and Canada"	(1975-1976) 9 University of Queensland Law Journal 188	Herlihy, JM	Australia	circa 1976	AustLII		1
"Systems of securities regulation, Volume 3"	[1975] UNSWLawTD 3	Geddes, David	Australia	circa 1975	AustLII
"Systems of securities regulation, Volume 4"	[1975] UNSWLawTD 4	Geddes, David	Australia	circa 1975	AustLII
"Mr Justice Evatt"	(1968-1969) 3 (2) Federal Law Review 153	Zines, Leslie	Australia	circa 1969	AustLII		1
"Analysis of Judicial Approaches to the Interpretation of the Commerce Clause in Australia and the United States, An"	(1965-1967) 5 Sydney Law Review 353	Nygh, P E	Australia	circa 1967	AustLII		4
"Mr Justice H v Evatt and the High Court "	(1966) 2 Australian Bar Gazette 3	Cowen, Zelman	Australia	circa 1966	AustLII		1
"Constitutional and Administrative Law"	(1956-1959) 3 University of Queensland Law Journal 404	Anderson, Ross	Australia	circa 1959	AustLII
"The Australian Constitution - Applicability of Section 55(1) to Non-Revenue Legislation"	[1957] Res Jud 79	Jones, F L	Australia	circa 1957	AustLII

Legislation Cited

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
Texas & New Orleans Railroad Co v Brotherhood of Railway & Steamship Clerks	281 US 548; 74 L Ed 1034; 50 SCt 427	United States Supreme Court	United States	26 May 1930	WorldLII		171
James v Commonwealth	[1928] HCA 45; (1928) 41 CLR 442	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	12 Dec 1928	AustLII		32
[1928] Sec 3	[1928] SEC 3		United States	circa 1928			1
Di Santo v Pennsylvania	273 US 34; 71 L Ed 524; 47 SCt 267	United States Supreme Court	United States	3 Jan 1927	WorldLII		45
Hume v Palmer	[1926] HCA 50; (1926) 38 CLR 441; 33 ALR 66	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	6 Dec 1926	AustLII		77
Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn	[1926] HCA 6; (1926) 37 CLR 466; 32 ALR 214	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	circa 1926	AustLII		226
Ex parte Walsh and Johnson; In re Yates	[1925] HCA 53; (1925) 37 CLR 36; [1926] ALR 46	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	18 Dec 1925	AustLII		262
Toronto Electric Commissioners v Snider	[1925] AC 396; [1925] 2 DLR 5		United Kingdom	circa 1925	LexisNexis / Westlaw		32
Roche v Kronheimer	[1921] HCA 25; (1921) 29 CLR 329; 27 ALR 254	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	3 Jun 1921	AustLII		64
In re Judiciary and Navigation Acts	[1921] HCA 20; (1921) 29 CLR 257; 27 ALR 193	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	16 May 1921	AustLII		616
W & A McArthur Ltd v Queensland	[1920] HCA 77; (1920) 28 CLR 530; 27 ALR 130	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	29 Nov 1920	AustLII		171
Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd	[1920] HCA 54; (1920) 28 CLR 129; 30 FLC 91-101; 26 ALR 337	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	31 Aug 1920	AustLII		829
Wilson v New	243 US 345; 243 US 332; 61 L Ed 755; 37 SCt 298	United States Supreme Court	United States	19 Mar 1917	WorldLII		49
Attorney-General for Canada v Attorney-General for Alberta	[1916] 1 AC 588		United Kingdom	circa 1916	LexisNexis / Westlaw		23
John Deere Plow Co v Wharton	[1915] AC 330		United Kingdom	circa 1915	LexisNexis / Westlaw		35
Australian Steamships Ltd v Malcolm	[1914] HCA 73; (1914) 19 CLR 298; 21 ALR 37	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	30 Nov 1914	AustLII		39
Attorney-General (Cth) v Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd	[1913] UKPCHCA 4; (1913) 17 CLR 644	Privy Council	Australia - Commonwealth	17 Dec 1913	AustLII		44
Attorney-General for Australia v Colonial Sugar Refining Co	[1913] UKLawRpAC 60; [1914] AC 237		United Kingdom	17 Dec 1913	CommonLII		52
Adair v United States	208 US 161; 52 L Ed 436; 13 Ann Cas 764; 13 A & E Ann Cas 764; 28 SCt 277; 13 Ann Cas 736	United States Supreme Court	United States	27 Jan 1908	WorldLII		65
Employers' Liability Cases (Howard v Illinois Cent R Co)	207 US 463; 52 L Ed 297; 28 SCt 141	United States Supreme Court	United States	6 Jan 1908	WorldLII		63
Federated Amalgamated Government Railway and Tramway Service Association v The New South Wales Railway Traffic Employes Association	[1906] HCA 94; (1906) 4 CLR 488; 13 ALR 273	High Court of Australia	Australia - Commonwealth	17 Dec 1906	AustLII		137
Second Employers' Liability Cases (Mondou v New York, NH & HR Co)	223 US 1; 165 US 150; 38 LRANS 44; 32 SCt 169; 56 L Ed 327	United States Supreme Court	United States	18 Jan 1897	WorldLII		243
Institute of Patent Agents v Lockwood	[1894] UKLawRpAC 38; [1894] AC 347; 63 LJPC 75		United Kingdom	11 Jun 1894	CommonLII		164
Citizens Insurance Co of Canada v Parsons	(1881) 7 AC 96		United Kingdom	circa 1881	LexisNexis / Westlaw		45