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Australian Workers ’ Union v BHP Iron-Ore Pty Ltd   flag  30

[2001] FCA 3; (2001) 102 IR 410; (2001) 49 AILR 4-396; (2000) 106 FCR 482
Federal Court of Australia
Australia - Commonwealth
10th January, 2001

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name †  Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
A & L Silvestri Pty Ltd v Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union [2007] FCA 1047; (2007) 165 IR 94 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Jul 2007 AustLII flag 20
ABCC v Stephenson [2011] FMCA 1026 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 22 Dec 2011 AustLII flag
Aitken v Virgin Blue Airlines [2013] FCCA 981; (2013) 277 FLR 156 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 8 Aug 2013 AustLII flag 5
Alfred v Primmer (No 2) [2008] FMCA 1476; (2008) 221 FLR 54; (2008) 177 IR 82 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 3 Nov 2008 AustLII flag 3
Anning v Western Sydney University (No 2) [2019] FCCA 1313 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 21 May 2019 AustLII flag 1
Anor v McConnell Dowell Constructors (Aust) Pty Ltd [2014] FCCA 594 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 27 Mar 2014 AustLII flag 1
Atkins v North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency Ltd [2024] FCA 686 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 27 Jun 2024 AustLII flag 2
Atkins v Parks Victoria [2022] FedCFamC2G 439 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 8 Jun 2022 AustLII flag
Australian Branch and Communications, Electrical, Electronic, Energy, Information, Postal, Plumbing, and Allied Workers Union of Australia, Engineering & Electrical Div v BHP Iron Ore Pty Ltd [2001] WAIRComm 2341 Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Western Australia 16 Mar 2001 AustLII flag
Australian Education Union, SA Branch v Chief Executive of the Department of the Premier and Cabinet [2014] SAIRC 27 South Australian Industrial Relations Court Australia - South Australia 29 Aug 2014 AustLII flag 1
Australian Industry Group v ADJ Contracting Pty Ltd [2011] FWAFB 6684 Fair Work Australia Australia 13 Oct 2011 AustLII flag 8
Australian Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Workers Union v Liquorland (Aust) Pty Ltd [2002] FCA 528; (2002) 114 IR 165; [2002] Aust Torts Reports 81-655 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Apr 2002 AustLII flag 14
Australian Meat Industry Employees ’ Union v Belandra Pty Ltd [2003] FCA 910; (2003) 126 IR 165; (2003) 53 AILR 100-095 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Aug 2003 AustLII flag 69
Australian Municipal, Administrative, Clerical and Services Union v Commissioner of Taxation [2022] FCA 1225 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Oct 2022 AustLII flag 7
Automotive, Food, Metals, Engineering, Printing and Kindred Industries Union v Unilever Australia Trading Ltd [2023] FedCFamC2G 61 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 8 Feb 2023 AustLII flag
Barclay v Board of Bendigo Regional Institute of Technical and Further Education [2011] FCAFC 14; (2011) 191 FCR 212; (2011) 274 ALR 570; (2011) 203 IR 312 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Feb 2011 AustLII flag 96
Board of Bendigo Regional Institute of Technical and Further Education v Barclay [2012] HCATrans 83 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Mar 2012 AustLII flag
Bradley Cooper v OSM Maritime Group [2019] WAIRComm 826 Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Western Australia 22 Nov 2019 AustLII flag
Byrne v Queensland (Queensland Health) [2022] QIRC 13 Queensland Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Queensland 25 Jan 2022 AustLII flag
Campbell v The University of Adelaide [2005] SAIRC 12 South Australian Industrial Relations Court Australia - South Australia 24 Feb 2005 AustLII flag 1
Carpenter v Corona Manufacturing Pty Ltd - PR924136 [2002] AIRC 1327 Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia 30 Oct 2002 AustLII flag
Cavanagh v Lexastar Pty Ltd [2021] FedCFamC2G 375 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 22 Dec 2021 AustLII flag
Chief Executive, Department of Health and Wellbeing v Visvanathan [2021] SAET 220 Australia 11 Nov 2021 AustLII flag 1
Clarke v Premier Youthworks Pty Ltd [2020] FCCA 105 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 31 Jan 2020 AustLII flag
Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Finance Sector Union of Australia [2007] FCAFC 18; (2007) 157 FCR 329; (2007) 161 IR 262; (2007) 59 AILR 100-640 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Feb 2007 AustLII flag 89
Construction, Forestry, Mining & Energy Union v [2013] FCCA 703 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 27 Jun 2013 AustLII flag 1
Construction, Forestry, Mining & Energy Union v Endeavour Coal Pty Ltd [2013] FCCA 473 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 27 Jun 2013 AustLII flag 8
Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union v Hadgkiss [2007] FCAFC 197; 248 ALR 169; (2007) 173 IR 360; (2007) 169 FCR 151 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 20 Dec 2007 AustLII flag 17
Darlaston v Parker [2010] FCA 771; (2010) 189 FCR 1; (2010) 196 IR 307; (2010) 62 AILR 101-228 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Jul 2010 AustLII flag 119
Dipa v Michael Hill Jeweller (Australia) Pty Ltd [2018] FCCA 233 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 7 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 1
Dmitri Gramotnev v Queensland University of Technology [2013] QSC 158 Supreme Court of Queensland Australia - Queensland 19 Jun 2013 AustLII flag 20
Dowling v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1470; (2008) 172 FCR 96; (2008) 176 IR 346 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Oct 2008 AustLII flag 28
Dowling v John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd (No 3) [2008] FMCA 845; (2008) 218 FLR 459; (2008) 173 IR 232 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 26 Jun 2008 AustLII flag 4
Duncan v Kelly Logistics Pty Ltd [2021] FedCFamC2G 330 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 9 Dec 2021 AustLII flag 1
Eckel v Ballarat Community Health Ltd [2022] FedCFamC2G 890 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 27 Oct 2022 AustLII flag 1
Edgar v Norton Rose Fulbright Australia Services Pty Ltd [2022] FedCFamC2G 449 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 9 Jun 2022 AustLII flag 1
Elachi v O ’ Shea & Jolly Jointly Trading as NRG Legal [2020] FCCA 2706 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 30 Sep 2020 AustLII flag 1
Elisha v Vision Australia Ltd [2022] VSC 754 Supreme Court of Victoria Australia - Victoria 13 Dec 2022 AustLII flag 7
Fair Work Ombudsman v Yenida Pty Ltd [2017] FCCA 2299 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 26 Sep 2017 AustLII flag 2
Finance Sector Union of Australia v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2002] FCA 631; (2002) 120 FCR 107 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 May 2002 AustLII flag 15
Finance Sector Union of Australia v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2005] FCA 796; (2005) 147 FCR 158; 223 ALR 695 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Sep 2005 AustLII flag 24
Fitzjohn v Southern Cross Protection Pty Ltd [2015] FWC 2601 Fair Work Commission Australia 15 Apr 2015 AustLII flag 4
Gilbert v Metro North Hospital Health Service [2021] QIRC 255 Queensland Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Queensland 27 Jul 2021 AustLII flag 14
Gramotnev v Queensland University of Technology [2015] QCA 127; (2015) 251 IR 448 Supreme Court of Queensland - Court of Appeal Australia - Queensland 10 Jul 2015 AustLII flag 24
Greater Dandenong City Council v Australian Municipal, Administrative, Clerical and Services Union [2001] FCA 349; (2001) 112 FCR 232; 184 ALR 641; (2001) 111 IR 121 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Apr 2001 AustLII flag 82
Gulliver v Curtin University Of Technology [2017] FCCA 2822 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 20 Nov 2017 AustLII flag
Hadgkiss v Sunland Constructions Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 346; (2007) 158 FCR 193; (2007) 161 IR 317 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Mar 2007 AustLII flag 16
Hamersley Iron Pty Ltd and The Australian Workers Union - re Industrial dispute - PR947647 [2004] AIRC 559 Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia 8 Jun 2004 AustLII flag
Hodkinson v Commonwealth [2011] FMCA 171; (2011) 248 FLR 409; (2011) 207 IR 129; (2011) 63 AILR 101-328 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 31 Mar 2011 AustLII flag 66
Ingersole v Castle Hill Country Club Ltd [2014] FCCA 450 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 11 Mar 2014 AustLII flag 15
Kelsey v Logan City Council (No 8) [2021] QIRC 114 Queensland Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Queensland 1 Apr 2021 AustLII flag 11
Klein v Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board [2012] FCA 1402; (2012) 208 FCR 178; (2012) 228 IR 399; (2012) 65 AILR 101-809 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 10 Dec 2012 AustLII flag 61
Lever v Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [2007] FCA 1251 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Aug 2007 AustLII flag 5
Lim v Flinders University of South Australia (No 2) [2021] FCCA 614 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 31 Mar 2021 AustLII flag 2
McIlwain v Ramsey Food Packaging Pty Ltd [2006] FCA 828; (2006) 154 IR 111 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 Jun 2006 AustLII flag 48
NSW Trains v James [2022] FWCFB 55; (2022) 316 IR 1 Fair Work Commission Australia 8 Apr 2022 AustLII flag 77
Nuttall v Hatch Pty Ltd [2024] FCA 339 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Apr 2024 AustLII flag
Pacific Coal Pty Ltd re Robert David Smith v Pacific Coal Pty Ltd - PR925566 [2002] AIRC 1534 Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia 12 Dec 2002 AustLII flag 1
Panetta v Harvey Industries Group Pty Ltd [2024] WADC 11 District Court of Western Australia Australia - Western Australia 7 Mar 2024 AustLII flag 1
Professional Officers Association (Victoria) v CSL Ltd [2001] FCA 628; 50 AILR 4-456 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 31 May 2001 AustLII flag 3
Rangi v Kmart Australia Ltd [2018] FCCA 2040 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 26 Jul 2018 AustLII flag 4
Rangi v Kmart Australia Ltd [2019] FCA 1778 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Nov 2019 AustLII flag 4
Ruttley v Willis Brothers Installation (Qld) Pty Ltd [2022] FedCFamC2G 430 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 9 Jun 2022 AustLII flag 2
Scard v Bairnsdale Regional Health Service [2021] FCCA 339 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 26 Feb 2021 AustLII flag
Tahi v Oxican Pty Ltd [2018] FCCA 3722 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 13 Dec 2018 AustLII flag 1
Textile Clothing & Footwear Union of Australia v Huyck Wangner Australia Pty Ltd [2008] FCA 1504 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 26 Sep 2008 AustLII flag 2
Thomas George Hartwig v Interstate Enterprises Pty Ltd trading as ATS Recruitment Services [2016] WAIRComm 741 Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Western Australia 5 Sep 2016 AustLII flag
Thompson v Arbias Ltd [2020] FCCA 2829 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 20 Oct 2020 AustLII flag
Tracey Louise Fergusson v The Salvation Army (Western Australia) Property Trust as the Trustee for The Salvation Army (WA) Social Work trading as Salvos Stores [2014] WAIRComm 1042 Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Western Australia 22 Sep 2014 AustLII flag
TWU v DHL Exel Supply Chain (Australia) Pty Ltd [2008] FMCA 604; (2008) 174 IR 44 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 19 May 2008 AustLII flag 5
Unsworth v Tristar Steering and Suspension Australia Ltd [2008] FCA 1224; (2008) 216 FCR 122; (2008) 175 IR 320 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Aug 2008 AustLII flag 40
Vision Australia Ltd v Elisha [2023] VSCA 265 Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal Australia - Victoria 1 Nov 2023 AustLII flag 5
Western Australian Branch v BHP Billiton Iron Ore [2004] WAIRComm 12063 Western Australian Industrial Relations Commission Australia - Western Australia 20 Jul 2004 AustLII flag
Wilson FM; Buckingham v KSN Engineering Pty Ltd [2008] FMCA 546; (2008) 177 IR 427; (2008) 177 ILR 427 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 29 Aug 2008 AustLII flag 35

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title †  Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
"Protection from dismissal and 'adverse action' for discriminatory reasons: the new FWA provisions" [2009] PrecedentAULA 78 (2009) 94 Precedent 10 Butler, Terri Australia circa 2009 AustLII flag
"Reviews of judgments" (2001) 75 (2) Law Institute Journal 88 Croucher, Michael; Hulry, Thomas; Reinhardt, Greg Australia - Victoria circa 2001 AustLII flag
"Freedom of Association (Paper presented on the 16 October 2002)" (QSC) [2002] QldJSchol 54 Douglas, The Honourable Justice James S Australia - Queensland circa 2002 AustLII flag
"His Master's Voice? Work Choices as a Return to Master and Servant Concepts" (2009) 31 Sydney Law Review 53 Gardiner, Mary Australia circa 2009 AustLII flag
"The Axe unto the Root? Unfair Dismissals and Unlawful Terminations Post Work Choices" (FMCA) [2006] FedJSchol 19 Lucev, Federal Magistrate Toni Australia circa 2006 AustLII flag
"Bargaining in good faith" [2009] PrecedentAULA 79 (2009) 94 Precedent 16 Riley, Joellen Australia circa 2009 AustLII flag
"Observations on Trade Union Recognition in Britain and Australia" (2001) 24 University of New South Wales Law Journal 214 Shaw, Jeff Australia circa 2001 AustLII flag 1
Constitution and Workplace Relations Act 1996 [2006] ELRRev 4 Williams, John M Australia circa 2006 AustLII flag

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Judiciary Act (Cth)
Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth)
Industrial Relations Act 1988 (Cth) s164, s334
Industrial Relations Reform Act 1993 (Cth)
Workplace Relations and Other Legislation Amendment Act 1996 (Cth)
Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth) s3, s4, s51, s349, s471
Industrial Relations Act 1979 (WA)
Minimum Conditions of Employment Act 1993 (WA)
Workplace Agreements Act 1993 (WA)

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name †  Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
[1968] 2 KB 710 [1968] 2 KB 710 United Kingdom circa 1968 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 1
Actors and Announcers Equity Association of Australia v Fontana Films Pty Ltd [1982] HCA 23; (1982) 150 CLR 169; (1982) 40 ALR 609; (1982) 56 ALJR 366; [1982] ATPR 40-285 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1982 AustLII flag 242
Australian Airline Flight Engineers Association v Ansett Australia Ltd [2000] FCA 1299 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 12 Sep 2000 AustLII flag 8
Australian Municipal, Administrative, Clerical and Services Union v Greater Dandenong City Council [2000] FCA 1231; (2000) 101 IR 143 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Sep 2000 AustLII flag 25
Australian Workers' Union v BHP Iron Ore Pty Ltd) [2000] FCA 39; (2000) 96 IR 422 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2000 AustLII flag 12
Berwick Ltd v Gray [1976] HCA 12; (1976) 133 CLR 603; 8 ALR 580; 6 ATR 28; 50 ALJR 505 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 Mar 1976 AustLII flag 40
BHP Iron Ore Pty Ltd v Australian Workers ’ Union [2000] FCA 430; (2000) 102 FCR 97; (2000) 171 ALR 680; (2000) 97 IR 266 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 7 Apr 2000 AustLII flag 84
Bowling v General Motors Holdens Ltd [1980] FCA 143; (1980) 33 ALR 297; (1980) 50 FLR 79 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 19 Nov 1980 AustLII flag 62
Burnie Port Corporation Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Australia [2000] FCA 1768; (2000) 104 FCR 440; (2000) 49 AILR 4-366; (2000) 103 IR 153 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Dec 2000 AustLII flag 41
Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd (1995) 185 CLR 410 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1995 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 2533
Commonwealth v Tasmania [1983] HCA 21; (1983) 158 CLR 1; (1983) 46 ALR 625; (1983) 57 ALJR 450; 68 ILR 266 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 1983 AustLII flag 993
Community & Public Sector Union v Telstra Corporation Ltd [2000] FCA 844; (2000) 99 IR 238 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Jun 2000 AustLII flag 36
Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union v BHP Steel (AIS) Pty Ltd [2000] FCA 1008 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 27 Jul 2000 AustLII flag 13
Davids Distribution Pty Ltd v National Union of Workers [1999] FCA 1108; (1999) 91 FCR 463; 165 ALR 550; (1999) 91 IR 198 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Aug 1999 AustLII flag 258
Fencott v Muller [1983] HCA 12; (1983) 152 CLR 570; (1983) 46 ALR 41; (1983) 57 ALJR 317; [1983] ATPR 40-350; 5 TPR 171 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1983 AustLII flag 870
Finance Sector Union v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2000] FCA 1372 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Sep 2000 AustLII flag 7
General Motors-Holden ’ s Pty Ltd v Bowling (1976) 136 CLR 676; (1976) 12 ALR 605; (1976) 51 ALJR 235 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1976 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 319
Heidt v Chrysler Australia Ltd (1976) 13 ALR 365; (1976) 26 FLR 257 Australia circa 1976 LexisNexis AU flag 239
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission v Mount Isa Mines Ltd [1993] FCA 535; (1993) 46 FCR 301; (1993) 118 ALR 80; [1993] EOC 92-548 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Nov 1993 AustLII flag 113
IW v City of Perth (People Living with AIDs case) [1997] HCA 30; (1997) 191 CLR 1; (1997) 146 ALR 696; (1997) 94 LGERA 224; (1997) 71 ALJR 943; [1997] EOC 92-892; (1997) 13 Leg Rep 12 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 31 Jul 1997 AustLII flag 852
Moama Bowling Club Ltd v Armstrong (No 1) (1995) 64 IR 238 circa 1995 9
Moore v Doyle [1969] CthArbRp 285; (1969) 15 FLR 59; (1969) 127 CAR 1397 Commonwealth Arbitration Reports Australia - Commonwealth 19 Jun 1969 AustLII flag 78
National Wage Case (1987) 17 IR 65 circa 1987 13
National Wage Case (1988) 25 IR 170 circa 1988 20
National Wage Case, October 1991 (1991) 39 IR 127 circa 1991 11
Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v BHP Minerals Ltd & Commonwealth [1997] HCA 38; (1997) 190 CLR 513; (1997) 147 ALR 42; (1997) 71 ALJR 1346; (1997) 13 Leg Rep 22 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Aug 1997 AustLII flag 343
Pacific Coal Pty Ltd; Ex parte CFMEU [2000] HCA 34; (2000) 203 CLR 346; (2000) 172 ALR 257; (2000) 21 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2000 AustLII flag 95
Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Australia (No 3) (1998) 195 CLR 1; (1998) 153 ALR 643; (1998) 27 ACSR 535; (1998) 79 IR 339; (1998) 16 ACLC 1041; (1998) 8 Leg Rep 2 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1998 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 674
Quickenden v O'Connor [1999] FCA 1257; 91 FCR 597; 166 ALR 385 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 10 Sep 1999 AustLII flag 6
R v Australian Industrial Court; ex parte CLM Holdings Pty Ltd (1977) 136 CLR 235 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1977 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 60
Re Dingjan; Ex parte Wagner [1995] HCA 16; (1995) 183 CLR 323; 128 ALR 81; (1995) 69 ALJR 284; (1995) 16 ACSR 92 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Mar 1995 AustLII flag 276
Rowe v Transport Workers' Union of Australia [1998] FCA 1646; (1998) 90 FCR 95; 160 ALR 66 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Dec 1998 AustLII flag 25
Safety Net Review - Wages - April 1997 (1997) 71 IR 1 circa 1997 15
Secretary of State for Employment v ASLEF (No 2) [1972] 2 QB 455; [1972] 2 WLR 1370; [1972] ICR 19 United Kingdom circa 1972 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 59
Victoria v The Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 416 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1996 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 431
183 CLR 344-346 183 CLR 344-346 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1998 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 1

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